The Reform Of Higher Education - 1536 Words

May your college memories last as long as your student debt! This is what a friend recently said to his co-worker, as she recounted that she was very close to completing a key chapter in her college journey. At the time, they laughed at the joke and absentmindedly continued their daily routines without truly giving that joke any second thought. Now that they think back to it, they realize the sad reality that situation truly encompassed. We have become so conditioned, as a society, to student debt, that we don’t truly see any other alternatives as possibilities. We have come to see and understand it as a necessary part of any education, never questioning its true impact or its legitimacy. We have become blind and gullible in our ways, never wondering or questioning what has been handed down to us, what we think is a necessary and worthy sacrifice to accomplish our educational dreams. The question is, is it really? Truth be told, higher education costs are in direct need of a radical reform. This reform is necessary to better the economy of our country, decrease the long-term psychological and physical repercussions the millennial population faces, and to improve the quality of our future workforce. We have always been taught as a nation that a college education is key in the pathway towards success, the debt connected with it, however, may present a substantial barrier towards victory. In the last few years, student debt has increased at an unprecedented pace. AccordingShow MoreRelatedEducation Reform Needs For A Higher Education System1142 Words   |  5 PagesEducation reform needs to be one of the top priorities among our country. Our current educational system requires people to pay thousands of dollars for a higher education. Students are forced to take out loans that put them into severe debt for the duration of their live. Low-income students, especially, do not have many options nor are they able to afford higher education and the price is ste adily increasing. It is the government’s duty to make this at the forefront of their problems because educationRead MoreHistory of Higher Education in Italy1468 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ Higher Education Internationally: Italy ED 678: The Foundations of Higher Education The groundwork for higher education in Italy was set back in the Middle Ages, similar to other Western European countries of the period. Clusters of students and scholars originally formed the traditional university in Italy. Collectively they founded the first â€Å"universitates studiorum † in major cities such as Bologna and Paris. However Bologna is thought to be theRead MoreWelfare Reform913 Words   |  4 PagesAssistance to Needy Families Post-Secondary Reform movements have been so successful. We always hear about students dropping out of college or not going to college because they can’t afford the tuition. The two case studies that we will talk about are Kentucky and Maine and how they succeeded in getting this reform to work. 1. What led to the success of Maine and Kentucky’s Temporary Assistance to Needy Families Post-Secondary Reform movements? Welfare reform had the unforeseen effect of causing largeRead MoreThe School Finance Reform Is Focused On The Distribution Of Funds Across Rich And Poor District Schools990 Words   |  4 PagesThe school finance reform is focused on the distribution of funds across rich and poor district schools. The reform was based on the thought that rich neighborhoods and households were better in spending on education. These scholars would access better programs and their family backgrounds could put them in the most precious and advanced institutions. Poorer neighborhoods on the other hand struggled to raise fees and sometimes students were forced to drop-out due to financial challenges. The historicalRead MoreReforming Higher Education Through Sustainable Contribution Funding1313 Words   |  6 Pages EDUCATION MINISTER, JOHN DAWKINS REFORMING HIGHER EDUCATION THROUGH SUSTAINABLE CONTRIBUTION FUNDING PURPOSE 1. To recommend that you consider the Higher Education Contribution Scheme as a reform policy that allows more Australian’s to enter higher education, which will strengthen national competitiveness in the increasingly knowledge-based global economy. BACKGROUND: 2. Between 1975 and 1987, the total students enrolled had increased by almost 50 percent. Graduates from the sector’s 65Read MoreChina s Higher Education System1712 Words   |  7 PagesResearch Methodology The study takes a comparative study approach. This approach is defined as putting two or more education systems side by side in order to determine their socio-economic, cultural, political, ideology in a context (Brickman and Fraser, 1968). This paper takes a view of China’s higher education systems in order to find out the strengths higher education for policy formation in South Sudan because currently there is no evidence of one. The emphasis here is that in examining the policyRead MoreThe Mode Of Financing Higher Education929 Words   |  4 PagesThe mode of financing higher education in the public sector is central to higher education policy making because it reflects how education is provided to society and at what price. It also indicates the policy stance of the government towards higher education. (Chattopadhay 2007).Once the government has initiated economic reform policies and had frozen budgets for higher education, financial reforms were unveiled. In the post e conomic reforms period, since 1991 till today, different commissionRead MoreThe Condition Of Higher Education989 Words   |  4 Pagesof Higher Education in South Asia is one of diverse complications. Most college level universities turn to non-governmental organizations to fund their schools and renovate their buildings. This allows those NGO’s to set general policy, curriculum, tuition fees, and employment policies. Because of the power these NGO’s hold, it can be a game of cards on the quality of education you will receive. Some expensive colleges, while all are quite expensive, could be lacking in the hands-on education youRead MoreEducation Reform Across The World1339 Words   |  6 PagesAs with most things in society, there is never one right way to approach an issue, and education reform across the world is one of the many examples that prove this to be true. Over time, there has been a growing importance on the quality of education across the globe, which i s measured through standardized testing. This new way to measure the quality of education students are getting has grown to create high competition among the countries as each strives to obtain the highest ranking countryRead MoreChin Background, Current Situation And Development1285 Words   |  6 PagesEducation in China: Background, Current situation and Development Thirty years of the reform and opening-up 30 years after 1978, China continues to recover, discover, develop and reform the Chinese education. The majority of people believe the Chinese education has many problems which need to change and learn the other countries’ education systems. However, it needs time to adjust the Chinese situation and find a suitable way to reform Chinese education because Chinese history and population are

Operant Vs. Classical Conditioning - 1211 Words

Operant and Classical Conditioning Tiara Gordon PS 210 Professor Rivera Introduction Operant and Classical conditioning reminds me of the famous controversy, nature vs nurture. It’s like having a pessimistic or optimistic view on learning techniques and how much of the environment or genes influence the two. These learned behaviors have been scrutinized by people alike, some have debated that everything we do from the time we wake up to the time we go to sleep is operant conditioning which is learned by consequences from particular others and ourselves. Others believe that we do things by choice. After reading Schultz, D.P. (2016). A History of Modern Psychology, 11th Edition, I came to the conclusion that operant†¦show more content†¦Classical conditioning is two things that concur in the subject’s reality. Those things could agree in light of the fact that they are related because of natural laws or social conventions, or it may be the case that the events happen aimlessly in connection to each other and the subject simply happens to be the o ne that encounters them together. Both men had laboratories in which they conducted their research and experiments to present their theories. According to (Schultz, D.P. (2016), Behavior Modification is the use of positive reinforcement to control or modify the behavior of individuals or groups. Mrs. Stambach used this technique to positively reinforce unacceptable behavior during circle time. Even though the children were not doing as told she complimented them for their efforts anyway and then modeled the appropriate the behavior. â€Å"Punishment is not part of a behavior modification program. According to Skinner, people should not be punished for failing to behave in desirable ways. Instead, they are to be reinforced or rewarded when their behavior changes in positive ways. Skinner’s position that positive reinforcement is more effective than punishment in altering behavior is supported by considerable human and animal research† (Schultz, D.P. (2016). Mrs. Stambach always gave words of praise to the children and sometimesShow MoreRelatedClassical Conditioning Vs. Operant Conditioning Essay1088 Words   |  5 Pages 1. a) Define Classical Conditioning and Behaviorism. b) Identify the two major characteristics that distinguish classical conditioning from operant conditioning. Classical Conditioning is a type of learning process of an individual when they come in contact with certain stimuli. According to Pavlov, a Russian psychologist, he developed several experiments on learning and he discovered that classical condition is the basic form of learning for an individual. However, according to Pavlov, behaviorismRead MorePavlov s Classical Conditioning Vs. Operant Conditioning1172 Words   |  5 PagesPavlov’s Classical Conditioning vs. B.F. Skinner’s Operant Conditioning Bhavika D. Patel Atlantic Community College Abstract Ivan Pavlov and B.F. Skinner both studied learning, in which they both did different experiments on different animals and with different conditioning. Classical conditioning is the process in which two stimuli become linked; once this association has been recognized, an originally neutral stimulus is conditioned to provoke an involuntary response. The dogs in Pavlov’s studiesRead MoreClassical Vs. Operant Conditioning1582 Words   |  7 PagesClassical and Operant Conditioning Ivan Pavlov once said, Don t become a mere recorder of facts, but try to penetrate the mystery of their origin.† Often times in the fast pace world that college students live today many get so caught up in sheer memorization of everything that comes their way just to pass with that sought-after A. What is often looked past is the true meaning of concepts and ideas to retain the information needed for success. It was this very mindset instilled with in greatRead MoreClassical Vs. Operant Conditioning1072 Words   |  5 Pages PsychSim 5: OPERANT CONDITIONING Name: Melissa Mallay Section: 130-01 Date: February 25, 2015 Classical Versus Operant Conditioning †¢ What is the distinction between classical and operant conditioning? In Operant conditioning, subjects learn from experiences and create a relationship between behavior and consequences. As a result, when actions are provided with a favorable result, they are reproduced. Likewise, unfavorable actions are not reproduced because the subject operates inRead MoreLearning and Development Theories939 Words   |  4 Pagesexplaining the development of individuals. Classical and Operant Conditioning: One of the most important learning theories is classical conditioning that was discovered by Ivan Pavlov, a Russian physiologist who discovered the phenomenon while conducting analysis on digestion. Classical conditioning basically refers to the automatic or effortless reaction to stimuli and is commonly known as respondent or Pavlovian conditioning. This type of conditioning takes place when animals learn to relate thingsRead MoreNature Vs Nurture Debate Essay965 Words   |  4 PagesThe oldest arguments in the history of psychology is the Nature vs Nurture discussion. Both are legitimate and it is very hard to decide whether a person’s development is prone to his DNA or influenced by his life experience and environment. Presently, nature and nurture both play important role in human development. However what remains unknown is if human is developed solely because of nature or nurture. . As of now, we know that both nature and nurture play important roles in human developme ntRead MoreThe Process of Conditioning963 Words   |  4 PagesFlorida Sahay Professor Griffin Psychology 1101 Fall 2009 The Conditioning Process It was raining when Sarah was driving home from work. Both she and the driver of the car in front of her were speeding. The car in front of her had immediately braked. There was not enough distance between that car and her own car to safely slow to a stop, so she had quickly switched lanes to avoid a car accident. Instead, the slick pavement caused her car to swerve out of control. When her car finallyRead MorePsychological Conditioning and Theories of Behavior1013 Words   |  4 Pagesresearching the digestive systems of dogs and led him to the discovery of classical condition, a way to modify behaviors using conditioned responses. Pavlovs views intrigued American John Watson, who pushed the idea forward in up through the 1950s. Building on these theories, but amending the model with the effects of punishment and reward, B.F. Skinners work had a revolutionary effect on behaviorism, now called operant conditioning (Shiraev, 2010, pp. 246-54). Learning Theory- Some say a logical reactionRead MoreBowlby s Theory Of Attachment1255 Words   |  6 Pages(Bruno et al., 2014) Pavlov and Skinner are two other theorists with views on behaviours which can be applied to attachment. Pavlov’s theory is that of classical conditioning which focuses on involuntary behaviours. While Skinner’s theory of operant conditioning focuses on voluntary behaviours. (Cherry, no date) Pavlov’s theory of classical conditioning is that an unconditioned stimulus will trigger an unconditioned response. The unconditioned stimulus in attachment is the milk and the unconditionedRead MoreEssay on connecting the dots608 Words   |  3 Pages Define classical and operant conditioning. Classical conditioning is: the learning that takes place based on an association of stimulus that does not elicit a response with another stimulus that does elicit a response. Operant conditioning is:a process in which a response is gradually learned via reinforcement or punishment. How are they the same? They are the same because they are both are gradual process. How are they different? They are different because in Classical conditioning stimulus

A Crime In the Neighbourhood Essay Example For Students

A Crime In the Neighbourhood Essay It was the summer of 1972 when Spring Hill, a Washington, D. C. , suburb, got its first taste of an increasingly violent, insecure modern world. The quiet residential area, whose inhabitants traditionally left their doors unlocked and spent the summers attending one anothers cookout, was rocked by the news that 12-year-old Boyd Ellison had been raped and murdered, his body dumped behind the local mall. While shaken residents organized a neighborhood watch program and clued detectives in on anyones suspicious behavior, the inhabitants of at least one house were distracted y a tragedy of their own: 10-year-old Marsha Eberhardts father, Larry, had run off with his sister-in-law, leaving his wife and three children to manage on their own. Marsha, stunned by her fathers abandonment and having broken her ankle, spends the summer witnessing her mothers desperate attempts to cope, the neighborhoods paranoid response to the murder and even the countrys disorientation over the unfolding Watergate scandal. The tension proves too great when the Eberhardts shy bachelor neighbor, Mr. Green, takes interest in Marshas mother. Though urder is the most visible crime in Marshas neighborhood, it is by no means the only one, Marshas father and aunt run off together and Marsha wrongly accusses Mr. Green for the death of Boyd Ellison. Marshas father had left before the summer Boyd Ellison was killed. The divorce had a tremendous impact on the whole family. Marshas twin brother and sister spent the summer away on vacation and since Marsha had her ankle in a cast, she wasnt able to do things most kids did during the summer vacation like swimming. Marsha remembered it was only after my father left nd Boyd Ellison was killed that I started to wonder to myself what might happen next. 35 Since Marsha had so much time on her hands during the summer of 72, she seemed to fill the time with investigating who could have killed Boyd Ellison. She kept a journal of her thoughts and even goes so far as to keeping track of Mr. Greens daily routines. It could be that Marsha needed to get her mind off of her parents divorce, and the murder of Boyd Ellison did exactly that. Marsha was extremely curious of her neighbor, Mr. Green, because he was a bachelor iving in a neighborhood full of nuclear families. Mr. Green didnt fit in with everyone else because he was generally withdrawn and socially awkward. Shortly after Boyd Ellisons death he threw a barbecue for the whole neighborhood but no one showed except Marshas mother, Lois. Lois felt sorry for Mr. Green because no one had shown up for his barbecue, so she decided to go over and join him. Marsha didnt like the idea of her mother flirting with another man besides her father. Marshas mother would make a point of waving to Mr. Green if she happened to be in the yard just to be neighborly. They would also exchange gardening advice since Mr. Green kept his yard immaculate. Marsha, like most kids whose parents get divorced, didnt like the idea of another man replacing her father. Lois and Mr. Green are two extremely lonely people who seem to get along well but Marsha fears Mr. Greens presense. Marsha is also curious of Mr. Green because on the day that Boyd Ellison was murdered, Mr. Green had returned home from work early and then left again. According to Marshas evidence notebook, around the middle of July-July 20th to be exact, three and a half weeks after y father and Aunt Ada disappeared, saw Mr. Greens car drive past the house, two hours before he normally got home from work. .u71c23c0c85b85dd7107d5a8017b433ff , .u71c23c0c85b85dd7107d5a8017b433ff .postImageUrl , .u71c23c0c85b85dd7107d5a8017b433ff .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u71c23c0c85b85dd7107d5a8017b433ff , .u71c23c0c85b85dd7107d5a8017b433ff:hover , .u71c23c0c85b85dd7107d5a8017b433ff:visited , .u71c23c0c85b85dd7107d5a8017b433ff:active { border:0!important; } .u71c23c0c85b85dd7107d5a8017b433ff .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u71c23c0c85b85dd7107d5a8017b433ff { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u71c23c0c85b85dd7107d5a8017b433ff:active , .u71c23c0c85b85dd7107d5a8017b433ff:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u71c23c0c85b85dd7107d5a8017b433ff .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u71c23c0c85b85dd7107d5a8017b433ff .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u71c23c0c85b85dd7107d5a8017b433ff .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u71c23c0c85b85dd7107d5a8017b433ff .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u71c23c0c85b85dd7107d5a8017b433ff:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u71c23c0c85b85dd7107d5a8017b433ff .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u71c23c0c85b85dd7107d5a8017b433ff .u71c23c0c85b85dd7107d5a8017b433ff-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u71c23c0c85b85dd7107d5a8017b433ff:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: George Orwell has been a major contributor to anticommunist literature around the World War II period EssayLater Mr. Green pulled up ten minutes before his usual time he looked sallow as he got out of his car, a little bruised around the mouth, and he had a Band-Aid stuck below his lower lip. 86 This particular event made Marsha very curious of Mr. Green especially since it had been the same day that Boyd was murdered. From this point on she had wondered if the killer lived right next door to her and her family. Another possible reason that Marsha gets caught up in her detective work is that shes lonely. She doesnt have many friends to play with and since her brother and sister are gone, shes all alone with her mother. Lois has enough problems of her own so she doesnt give Marsha much attention. At the same time Marsha seems to be seeking attention by confronting her mother about what she knows about Mr. Green. Marsha tells Lois that she thinks he is Boyds killer. At this point in the Boyd Ellison investigation, the police had no suspects and would only say they elieved it was someone who lived in the area. The police had also gotten information that a brown Dodge had been at the scene shortly before Boyd Ellison was murdered and coincidentally, Mr. Green drove a brown Dodge. After Marsha had shared with her mother what she had known, Lois called the police and told them that they might have some information about who the suspect could be. Once the detective arrived much was accomplished by questioning Marsha. She had told the detective about how everyone thinks hes weird and that she saw him hiding in the bushes ear the Ellisons house. Marsha twisted the truth a bit and didnt tell the detective all she knew. Lois had warned her that it was not a good idea to go around accusing people of things. When the detective left Lois said I hope your proud of yourself, I hope you realize what youve done because a person should realize when shes made a mistake and done something that shell regret later. 210 Lois could of prevented this from happening if she had stepped in and not allow the police to get involved, but she didnt. She definitely taught Marsha a lesson thought. Mr. Green was brought down to the station for questioning the following day but the police released after he spent three night in jail. He had an alibi that he had been at the dentist office the day that Boyd Ellison was found murdered. Shortly after Mr. Green was released from jail, he moved out of the neighborhood for too much had happened to him to go on like it was nothing. To this day the case is still open and the police still try to link any other murders to the Boyd Ellison case. It is unfortunate that Marsha was the cause of Mr. Greens pain. As the adult Marsha, narrating the story 25 years later, recounts the series of events she says Watch yourself-its the best advise anyone ever gave me. Pain is always about to happen somewhere to someone I know and at times that the best I can hope for is not to be the cause of it. In this way I guess I am a product of my generation, most of us anxious pragmatists and skeptics, who are less interested in the mysteries of human pain and cruelty than in how to avoid them. 283 She is admitting to have fabricated a story and having made false accusations about Mr. Green in the past. As a young child, Marsha was curious, seeking attention and lonely, and these are possible reasons why she got so caught up in her detection work. This book holds such a sadness to it- the story is enveloped with hurt. I think the biggest hurt of all is that it hits close to home-for everyone. This is our life, this is our world. We created it and we must live with it . Once I read this story I began to look at society a little bit differently, perhaps more clearly and maybe with a touch more compassion than before.

Walk Essay Example For Students

Walk Essay Dear Friends, this is a little lengthy but very true of our feelings for you, dear friends. Louise Redden, a poorly dressed lady with a look of defeat on her face, walked into a grocery store. She approached the owner of the store in a most humble manner and asked if he would let her charge a few groceries. She softly explained that her husband was very ill and unable to work, they had seven children, and they needed food. John Longhouse, the grocer scoffed at her and requested that she leave his store. Visualizing the family needs, she said: Please, sir! I will bring you the money just as soon as I can. We will write a custom essay on Walk specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now John told her he could not give her credit, as she did not have a charge account at his store. Standing beside the counter was a customer who overheard the conversation between the two. The customer walked forward and told the grocer that he would stand good for whatever she needed for her family. The grocer said in a very reluctant voice, Do you have a grocery list? Louise replied, Yes sir O. K. he said, put your grocery list on the scales and whatever your grocery list weighs, I will give you that amount in groceries. Louise, hesitated a moment with a bowed head, then she reached into her purse and took out a piece of paper and scribbled something on it. She then laid the piece of paper on the scale carefully with her head still bowed. The eyes of the grocer and the customer showed amazement when the scales went down and stayed down. The grocer, staring at the scales, turned slowly to the customer and said begrudgingly, I can not believe it. The customer smiled and the grocer started putting the groceries on the other side of the scales. The scale did not balance so he continued to put more and more groceries on them until the scales would hold no more. The grocer stood there in utter disgust. Finally, he grabbed the piece of paper from the scales and looked at it with greater amazement. It was not a grocery list, it was a prayer which said: Dear Lord, you know my Needs and I am leaving this in your hands. The grocer gave her the groceries that he had gathered and stood in stunned silence. Louise thanked him and left the store. The customer handed a fifty-dollar bill to the grocer and said, It was worth every penny of it. Only God Knows how much a prayer weighs. POWER OF PRAYER: When you receive this, say a prayer. Thats all you have to do. Just stop right now, and say a prayer for the one who sent this to you. Prayer is one of the best free gifts we receive. There is no cost but a lot of rewards. Remember the five simple rules to be happy:) No one can go back and make a brand new start. Anyone can start from now and make a brand new ending. God didnt promise days without pain, laughter without sorrow, sun without rain, but He did promise strength for the day, comfort for the tears, and light for the way. Disappointments are like road bumps, they slow you down a bit but you enjoy the smooth road afterwards. Dont stay on the bumps too long. Move on! When you feel down because you didnt get what you want, just sit tight and be happy, because God has thought of something better to give you. When something happens to you, good or bad, consider what it means. Theres a purpose to lifes events, to teach you how to laugh more or not to cry too hard You cant make someone love you, all you can do is be someone who can be loved, the rest is up to the person to realize your worth. .ude2281ca9527d2711f8833a3a53824b4 , .ude2281ca9527d2711f8833a3a53824b4 .postImageUrl , .ude2281ca9527d2711f8833a3a53824b4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ude2281ca9527d2711f8833a3a53824b4 , .ude2281ca9527d2711f8833a3a53824b4:hover , .ude2281ca9527d2711f8833a3a53824b4:visited , .ude2281ca9527d2711f8833a3a53824b4:active { border:0!important; } .ude2281ca9527d2711f8833a3a53824b4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ude2281ca9527d2711f8833a3a53824b4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ude2281ca9527d2711f8833a3a53824b4:active , .ude2281ca9527d2711f8833a3a53824b4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ude2281ca9527d2711f8833a3a53824b4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ude2281ca9527d2711f8833a3a53824b4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ude2281ca9527d2711f8833a3a53824b4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ude2281ca9527d2711f8833a3a53824b4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ude2281ca9527d2711f8833a3a53824b4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ude2281ca9527d2711f8833a3a53824b4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ude2281ca9527d2711f8833a3a53824b4 .ude2281ca9527d2711f8833a3a53824b4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ude2281ca9527d2711f8833a3a53824b4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Trainers Report Essay Its better to lose your pride to the one you love, than to lose the one you love because of pride. We spend too much time looking for the right person to love or finding fault with those we already love, when instead we should be perfecting the love we give. Never abandon an old friend. You will never find one who can take his place. Friendship is like wine, it gets better as it grows older. Bibliography:the bible. unknown

Dissociative Identity Disorder Essays - Psychiatric Diagnosis

Dissociative Identity Disorder Essays - Psychiatric Diagnosis Dissociative Identity Disorder Dissociative Identity Disorder Multiple Personality Disorder (Dissociative Identity Disorder) is the existence within a person of two or more distinct personalities. The different personalities are referred to as alters. Alters may have experienced a distinct personal history, self-image, and identity, including a separate name, as well as age. At least two of these personalities recurrently take control of the persons behavior. There are a few typical types of alters that they multiple would produce such as a depressed, exhausted host, a strong, angry protector, a scared, hurt child, a helper, and an internal persecutor who blames one or more of the alters for the abuse they have endured. Sometimes patterned or named after the actual abuser. Individuals most likely to develop MPD share several common factors. They have endured repetitive, and often life-threatening abuse during a developmental stage of childhood. The type of abuse can vary or be a combination of physical, extreme emotional, sexual or Satanic Ritual Abuse. How a multiple creates their own inner families is as individual as each person. Even though symptoms vary from person to person, there are some basic consistencies. First one is voices. Multiples do hear voices, but are merely the personalities within, communicating with one another. Often times, the MPD is diagnosed as a schizophrenic due to hear voices, but the multiple personality hears the voices inside their head in contrast to the schizophrenic which hears them from outside of themselves. Often a multiple before diagnosis will speak of noise or clatter inside making it difficult for them to concentrate. It is possible for the multiple to hear many distinct and separate voices, of all ages talking at the same time Another symptom is physical differences. Each alter within a multiple has their own history, personalities that are unique to them, body movements, facial expressions, the way they express verbal communication, voice tone, pitch, and even handwriting differences. You might encounter a small child who hides her face and speaks in a childlike voice. Another child within the same system of personalities might be gregarious and charming. Finally, there is time loss. Time loss is quite common in the non-conscious multiple. For the non-conscious multiple the time losses can be devastating. Time loss can occur when something triggers an alter that the host is unaware of. The non-conscious multiple might find themselves in a place or talking to someone they dont even know. The length and duration of the time loss depends on how the multiples system works and if a more dominant personality can remain in control. There is a bit of time loss on occasion even for the co-conscious multiple, but usually amounting to only brief periods. Multiples, as well as those who deal with them, come to recognize different alters as completely separate people, rather than just different aspects of the same person. The different personalities usually have different names, ages, gender, likes and dislikes. Certain alters may have physical or mental abilities that the others do not possess. Often there is a difference in body language, speech and mannerisms. Some multiples have an alter that changes the color of the eyes, while others have been known to have one alter with cancer, diabetes, etc., while all the other alters remain healthy or have their own ailments. While most multiples have alters who are very similar to one another, the difference can be so minute, that at times, even the multiples themselves might have a difficult time distinguishing the difference.

Aztec Origins and the Founding of Tenochtitlan

Aztec Origins and the Founding of Tenochtitlan The origins of the Aztec Empire are part legend, part archaeological and historical fact. When the Spanish conquistador Hernn Cortà ©s arrived in Basin of Mexico in 1517, he found that the Aztec Triple Alliance, a strong political, economic and military pact, controlled the basin and indeed much of central America. But where did they come from, and how did they get to be so powerful? The Origins of the Aztecs The Aztecs, or, more properly, the Mexica as they called themselves, were not originally from the Valley of Mexico but rather migrated from the north. They called their homeland Aztlan, The Place of Herons., but Aztlan is a location which has not as yet been identified archaeologically and was likely at least partly mythical. According to their own records, the Mexica and other tribes were known as a group as the Chichimeca, left their homes in northern Mexico and the southwestern United States because of a great drought. This story is told in several surviving codices (painted folding books), in which the Mexica are shown carrying with them the idol of their patron deity Huitzilopochtli. After two centuries of migration, at around AD 1250, the Mexica arrived in the Valley of Mexico. Today, the Basin of Mexico is filled with the sprawling metropolis of Mexico City; but underneath the modern streets are the ruins of Tenochtitln, the site where the Mexica settled, and the capital city for the Aztec empire. Basin of Mexico Before the Aztecs When the Aztecs arrived in the Valley of Mexico, it was far from an empty place. Because of its wealth of natural resources, the valley has been continuously occupied for thousands of years, the first known substantial occupation established at least as early as the second century BC. The Valley of Mexico lies ~2,100 meters (7,000 feet) above sea level, and it is surrounded by high mountains, some of which are active volcanoes. Water coursing down in streams from these mountains created a series of shallow, marshy lakes that provided a rich source for animals and fish, plants, salt and water for cultivation. Today the Valley of Mexico is almost entirely covered by the monstrous expansion of Mexico City: but there were ancient ruins as well as thriving communities when the Aztecs arrived, including the abandoned stone structures of two major cities: Teotihuacan and Tula, both referred to by the Aztecs as the Tollans. Teotihuacn: Almost a thousand years before the Aztecs, the huge and carefully planned city of Teotihuacn (occupied between 200 BC and AD 750) flourished there. Today Teotihuacan is a popular archaeological site a few miles north of modern Mexico City that attracts thousands of tourists each year. The word Teotihuacn is a Nahuatl (the language spoken by the Aztecs) word meaning The Birthplace of the Gods. We dont know its real name, but the Aztecs gave this name to the city because it was a sacred place associated with the legendary origins of the world. Tula: Another city that developed in the Valley of Mexico before the Aztecs was the city of Tula, the early post-classic capital of the Toltecs between AD 950 and 1150. The Toltecs were considered by the Aztecs to be the ideal rulers, brave warriors who excelled in the arts and sciences. Tula was so revered by the Aztecs that the king Motecuhzoma (aka Montezuma) sent people to dig up Toltec objects for use in the temples at Tenochtit ln. The Mexica were awestruck by the massive structures built by the Tollans, considering Teotihuacan to be the sacred setting for the creation of the current world or Fifth Sun. The Aztecs carried away and reused objects from the sites: more than 40 Teotihuacan-style objects have been found in offerings within Tenochtitlans ceremonial precinct. Aztec Arrival in Tenochtitln When the Mexica arrived in the Valley of Mexico about 1200 AD, both Teotihuacn and Tula had been abandoned for centuries; but other groups were already settled on the best land. These were groups of Chichimecs, related to the Mexica, who had migrated from the north in earlier times. The late-coming Mexica were forced to settle on the inhospitable hill of Chapultepec or Grasshopper Hill. There they became vassals of the city of Culhuacan, a prestigious city whose rulers were considered the heirs of the Toltecs. As acknowledgment for their assistance in battle, the Mexica were given one of the daughters of the King of Culhuacan to be worshiped as a goddess/priestess. When the king arrived to attend the ceremony, he found one of the Mexica priests dressed in the flayed skin of his daughter: the Mexica reported to the king that their God Huitzilopochtli had asked for the sacrifice of the princess. The sacrifice and flaying of the Culhua Princess provoked a ferocious battle, which the Mexica lost. They were forced to leave Chapultepec and move to some marshy islands in the middle of the lake. Tenochtitln: Living in a Marshland After they were forced out of Chapultepec, according to the Mexica myth, the Aztecs wandered for weeks, searching for a place to settle. Huitzilopochtli appeared to the Mexica leaders and indicated a place where a great eagle was perched on a cactus killing a snake. This place, smack dab in the middle of a marsh with no proper ground at all, was where the Mexica founded their capital, Tenochtitln. The year was 2 Calli (Two House) in the Aztec calendar, which translates in our modern calendars to AD 1325. The apparently unfortunate position of their city, in the middle of a marsh, actually facilitated economic connections and protected Tenochtitln from military attacks by restricting access to the site by canoe or boat traffic. Tenochtitln grew rapidly as both a commercial and military center. The Mexica were skillful and fierce soldiers and, despite the story of the Culhua princess, they were also able politicians who created solid alliances with the surrounding cities. Growing a Home in the Basin The city grew rapidly, with palaces and well-organized residential areas and aqueducts providing fresh water to the city from the mountains. At the center of the city stood the sacred precinct with ball courts, schools for nobles, and priests quarters. The ceremonial heart of the city and of the whole empire was the Great Temple of Mexico-Tenochtitln, known as the Templo Mayor or Huey Teocalli (the Great House of the Gods). This was a stepped pyramid with a double temple on top dedicated to Huitzilopochtli and Tlaloc, the main deities of the Aztecs. The temple, decorated with bright colors, was rebuilt many times during Aztec history. The seventh and final version was seen and described by Hernn Cortà ©s and the conquistadors. When Cortà ©s and his soldiers entered the Aztec capital on November 8, 1519, they found one of the largest cities in the world. Sources Edited and updated by K. Kris Hirst Berdan FF. 2014. Aztec Archaeology and Ethnohistory. New York: Cambridge University Press.Healan D. 2012. The Archaeology of Tula, Hidalgo, Mexico. Journal of Archaeological Research 20(1):53-115.Smith ME. 2013. The Aztecs. New York: Wiley-Blackwell.Van Tuerenhout DR. 2005, The Aztecs: New Perspectives. Santa Barbara CA: ABC-CLIO Inc.

Chinese Economic Reform Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 8000 words

Chinese Economic Reform - Coursework Example The introduction of the reforms in 1978 allowed China to be a part of the few countries who were quickly heading towards the economies which were growing rapidly. It is also ahead in the field of exporting as well as importing of goods. According to statistics, the rate of poverty has fallen down since 1981 till 2005 from a 40 percent to 29 percent (The World Bank, 2008) and that is due to their industrialization sector. But now today, there seems to be a major problem with the ever growing population and inflation. The income of the rural-urban sectors seems to be dwindling and that indeed is a problem which needs to be dealt with. So, my motivation behind selecting this topic is to prepare a report about the inflation crisis in China and also how the monetary bank with their policy is going to control it. Therefore, that is my research question also, My objective in writing this report is to present with a discussion concerning inflation and what it is. Specifically, inflation in China will be considered and also the policies that the Chinese officials have undertaken in order to control it. I would also like to introduce the term inflation briefly and then further in chapter 2 I will explain it in detail. In February since the last 11 years the rate at which China's inflation grew was tremendous but not in a good way. Due to this everything turned upside down; it added immense pressure on the Chinese government to come up with plans to hold or slow down the economy and for the central bank to make an increase in their interest rates. One can say that China has sealed its own economic doom but I am hopeful that with these policies the inflation will be under control. In the coming chapters I will be discussing in length about the 1979 economic reform background, the government policies, inflation situations, economic theory, bank of China, central bank monetary policies, literature reviews of China's rapid growth and at the end an analysis of the

Employee resourcing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Employee resourcing - Essay Example Recruitment is the process of attracting a pool of applicants to fill current and future vacancies. A vacancy may result if an employee quits the job, is promoted, or new vacancies due to restructuring or improvements. After recruitment, the selection process begins whereby the right candidates are selected from the pool of applicants to fill the vacancies using various methods and techniques. The recruitment and selection process is important as it ensures quality and productivity, reduces labor turnover, as well as saving time and money needed for future recruitment practices (eHow, 2011). The paper will discuss the various recruitment and selection methods as well as develop a recruitment strategy for an organization. Organizations have become very particular about recruiting candidates for employment due to recession and high unemployment in UK. Recruiting is therefore very important in ensuring success of the organization and is an overall HR planning strategy. Recruitment is the process of attracting potential candidates to fill in vacant positions or for future placements. Mathis and Jackson (2010) acknowledge the need for organizations to carry out strategic recruiting so as to achieve organizational effectiveness. This entails determining the industry where to recruit qualified individuals, being aware of competitors’ strategies so as to identify the key to success, forming relationships with the sources of prospective employees, and promoting the company brand (p.178). Due to many issues concerned with employment laws, the recruiters should also be trained on the laws. For recruitment to be successful it should be an ongoing process and the management should decide the method to use based on costs and effectiveness. There are various recruitment methods such as; promotion, job rotation, former staffs, employee referrals, job centers,

A Letter Format About the Advancements Essay Example for Free

A Letter Format About the Advancements Essay Dear Mr. Darwin, I am writing this letter to inform you of the current status of the finches you were so fascinated with what has changed since your visit, modern theories, and all of the currently identified species. First and foremost, I would like to tell you that your works and studies on the finches have become the most closely tied to you out of all of your other various studies. Modern-day scientists have become just as intrigued (if not more so) with the drab-colored little birds as you were. They show a great promise in explaining how evolution and natural selection works, and could easily be considered one of the most important scientific discoveries in history. Though the finches have not changed much in and of themselves since your last visit, much has been discovered about them that was not previously known. Although including all such discoveries in this text would be far too time and space consuming, I will inform you of some of the main changes below. Although you originally grouped all of the various types of finches into four genera, many modern-day scientists have decided that there are in fact six different genera: the Geospiza, Camarhynchus, Cactospiza, Platyspiza, Certhidea, and the Pinaroloxias. In addition, scientists have identified 14 species of finches, and there may be more scientists are still discovering things. Below I shall include a chart detailing the species in relation to the genera: Common Name Genus Species Small Ground Finch GeospizaFuliginosa Medium Ground Finch GeospizaFortis Large Ground Finch GeospizaMagnirostris Sharp-beaked Ground Finch GeospizaDifficilis Cactus Ground Finch GeospizaScandens Large Cactus Ground Finch GeospizaConirostris Small Tree FinchCamarhynchusParvulus Medium Tree FinchCamarhynchusPauper Large Tree FinchCamarhynchusPsittacula Woodpecker FinchCactospizaPallidus Mangrove Finch Cactospiza Heliobates Vegetarian FinchPlatyspizaCrassirostris Warbler Finch CerthideaOlivacea Cocos Island FinchPinaroloxiasInornata Although the above list is quite detailed, it doesnt include all of the various finches many are slightly different from the above species, but not so different as to count as a separate species. Many finches have similar coloration but slightly posses different beaks, or vice versa. It should also be noted that the above list only includes the finches discovered thus so far. There could very well be more finches that modern scientists are unaware of. The new species and genera are all new discoveries, and it is not certain whether or not they are newly evolved since your visit or simply hadnt been found by you. Either way, their discovery has helped the scientific world immensely in its attempt to understand evolution and natural selection. To draw a conclusion to this letter, I must once again congratulate you on your efforts all those many years ago they have helped to shape modern science, and have provided us with a greater understanding of the workings of the world. The world is indebted to you.

The Men of Mother Goose Nursery Rhymes Essay -- essays research papers

The Men of Mother Goose Nursery Rhymes â€Å"I Love Little Pussy† I love little pussy, /Her coat is so warm, /And if I don’t hurt her, /She’ll do me no harm. /So I’ll not pull her tail, /Nor drive her away, /But pussy and I, /Very gently will play. (http://www.zelo.com/family/nursery/pussy.asp) â€Å"Georgie Porgie† Georgie Porgie, puddin’ and pie, /Kissed the girls and made them cry. /When the boys came out to play, /Georgie Porgie ran away. (http://www.zelo.com/family/nursery/georgie.asp) As a young child, mother goose nursery rhymes are nearly the entire basis for learning. By memorizing and reciting these verses, children develop memorization skills, verbal skills through communicating them effectively, and vocabulary. Of course, these nursery rhymes also establish valuable life lessons too. â€Å"Humpty Dumpty† and â€Å"Jack and Jill† both teach us about the violence that can occur as a result of carelessness, and â€Å"Queen of Hearts† teaches children that bad things happen to those who steal. But not all of these nursery rhymes come with such happy lessons. The two that I have chosen teach a more morbid lesson. Each is about how men pursue women for sex. Both illustrate examples of men using women for sex and discarding them, however, their approaches stem from roots as far apart as the polar caps. In â€Å"Georgie Porgie†, Georgie is portrayed as an abusive character. Someone who takes the more up-front, perverted, approach to women. Georgie is illustrated as someone who takes advantage ...

Room 101 Talk Ideas

Arun day 9D1 English (go compare adverts-traffic jams-midges) 20/12/12 the first thing i would put in room 101 would be the most irritating thing probley on TV which of course would be the go compare adverts. now how many people would want to listen to a crazy dancing loony tick running around yelling ‘go compare'. Also to make matters worse at the end of the advert you have probley got a headache from his deafening voice.I bet that quite a few people have literally turned off their TVs because of the adverts. so overall i think that's why the go compare adverts should go in room 101 and fast. ow the second thing i would put in room 101 would be traffic jams. traffic jams in my opinion are just a waste of valuable time where you could be doing something better than sitting in your car somewhere half way down a motorway not moving. but when you do move you commonly move at least 100 yards before stopping again. now for example say you're going to a family get together or meeting up with a old friend you don't want to be late. but guess what there's probley a 3 mile long traffic jam and when you finally reach your destination you get moaned like it was your fault for not being on time.But what really annoys me is when you have your window open in a traffic jam and all of a sudden a midge decides to appear then of course it bites you. Now that brings me onto my third thing i hate. the reason i hate this little bugs are because of their annoying but painful little bites that don't stop hurting for around a week. also i hate it when i walk into Tesco's and see the midge repellents which say they work but trust me they don't. there's nothing at all that can stop these fly's from biting your skin and ruining your summer holidays. I hope you all see why these three things should go into room 101. thank you for listening.

Factor Influencing Mortar Selection

1 Independent Study Proposal 50731710 †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 15 2552 †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦. 2 2552 †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ ( ) ( ) ? ( ) Significant factors influencing construction business for instant cement (Dry Mortar Cement) selection. .. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â ‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. ?. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 2 ( ) ( 1 – 3) Significant Factors Influencing Construction Business for Instant Cement (Dry Mortar Cement) Selection (Chapter 1 -3) 50731710 .. ? 3 1 â€Å" † ? ? ? 8 ? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 55. 36 ? 30 1-2 ?.?. 2551 1. 8% 2. ( ) 27% 4 3. 4. 5. 6. ( ) 18% ( ) 9% ( ) 4% 4% ? ( ) 3 8 3 1. SMC ( ) 2. ( ) SCCC 3. ( ) TPI-PL ? 5 ( ) 3 13 ? ? 1 2549 2550 2551 2552 2553 ? ( ) ( ) ( ) 115,000 113,013 -1,988 -1. 73% 200,000 178,763 -21,237 -10. 62% 260,000 166,207 -93,793 -36. 07% 330,000 400,000 1 1 2 3 6 2549 2550 2551 2552 2553 SMC ( ) TPI-PL ( ) SCCC ( ) ( ) 1,530,000 603,738 371,943 113,013 441,307 1,630,000 682,807 436,025 178,763 332,405 1,730,000 739,575 513,810 166,207 310,408 1,850,000 1,970,000 2 SMC 39. 46% 41. 89% 42. 75% TPI-PL 24. 31% 26. 75% 29. 70% SCCC 7. 39% 10. 97% 9. 61% 28. 84% 20. 39% 17. 94% 2549 2550 2551 2552 2553 3 ? 7 ? 1. 2. 3. ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 1. 2. ? 3. 1. ?.?. 2549 2. ? ? 3. 8 1. (1450 ? C) 2. ? 9 2 ? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. (Organization Buying) Marketing Mix) 4 1. (Sole proprietorship) (Allyn and Bacon, 1987) ? 10 ( , 2549) ? 2. (Limited Partnership) (Allyn and Bacon, 1987) (Limited partnership) ? 1 ? ? ( , 2549) (Limited partnership) 2 ? ? 11 3. (Corporation) (Straub/Attner, 1985) ? ( , 2549) 7 ? ? ? ? ? 12 4. ( ) (Public Company) ( , 2552) ?.?.?. ?.?. ? ? 535 ? ? ? ( ) Public Limited Company ? Plc PLC (Public Limited Company) private Pcl PCL (Public Company Limited) ?. 15 5 ? ?. 100 0. 6 50 ? ? ? 10 ?. 5 20 100 ? (Trewatha Newport, 1982) ? ? 4 (.. , 2552) ? ? 13 1 2 ? 3 1. â€Å" † ? 2. 14 3. ? ? ? ? 1. 2. 3. 3 4. 5. 2 ? 6. ? 4 1. (Top Management) ? 2. (Manager) 2 15 3. (Frontline manage or Supervisor or Group leader) (Foreman) 1 ? 4. (Staff) 4 ? 1. 2. 3. 4. ? ? ( . , 2552) ? ( ) 8 1. 1 9 2. 2 9 3. 1 10 4. 2 9 5. 8 16 6. 9 7. 15 ? 8. 6 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 4 4 10 10 50 50 100 100 1,000 1,000 (Organization Buying) (Philip Kotler and Kevin Lane Keller, 2006) 1. 17 2. 3. ? 3 ? 1. (Straight re-buy) ? 2. (Modified re-buy) ? ? 3. (New task) (Awareness) (Interest) (Evaluation) (Trial) (Adoption) ? 8 ? (Buying Center) 7 1. (Initiators) 2. (Users) 3. (Influencers) 4. (Deciders) 5. (Approvers) 6. (Buyers) 19 7. (Gatekeepers) ? ? ? ? 4 ? 2 1. (Environmental factors) ? ? 20 2. (Organization factors) ? ? (Purchasing-department upgrading) (Centralized purchasing) (Decentralized purchasing) Long contract) (Purchasing performance evaluation and buyer’s professional development) 3. (Interpersonal factors) ? ? ? 4. (Individual factors) ? ? ? 21 ? ? ? ( , 2541) ? 8 1. (Problem recognition) ? 2. (General need description) ? 1 3. (Product specification) 4. (Supplier search) ? 5. (Proposal solicitation) 6. (Supplier selection) ? ?. ?. ?. ?. ?. ?. ?. 22 ?. ?. ?. ?. ?. ?. ?. ?. ?. ?. ?. ?. . (Order routine specification) ? 8. (Performance review) (Marketing Mix) (Philip Kotler and Kevin Lane Keller. 2006) ? 4 23 Four Ps ( ) (Product), (Price), (Place) (Promotion) 3 (Product) (Attention) Acquisition) (Using) (Consumption) ? 5 24 1. (Core Product) ? 2. Generic Product) 3. (Expected Product) 4. (Augmented Product) ? ? ? 5. (Potential Product) ? ? ? 5 ? 1. Tangible Product) ? ? ? (Consumer goods) (Industrial goods) (Consumer goods) 25 (End User) (Industrial goods) ? 2. (Intangible Product) ? (Service) ? ? (Price) 2 26 1. (Company Objective) 2. (Character of Product) 1. (Demand) 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. ? 6 1. (Total Revenue) 2. (Profit) ? 3. (Quantity) ? 4. (Competition) 27 5. (Social) 6. (Image) ? (Place) ? (End User) (Industrial User) (Transfer Point) ? 1. 2. 3. 4. ( ) 5. 6. ?. 28 ?. ?. 7. ( ) ?. ?. ? ? ?. ? ?. ? (Promotion) ? 4Cs ? 29 1. (Advertising) ? 5Ms ?. (Mission) ?. (Money) ?. (Message) ?. (Media) ?. (Measurement) 2. (Sales Promotion) ? ? 3 ?. (Communication) ?. (Incentive) ? ?. Invitation) 3. (Public Relation) ? (Marketing Public Relation, MPR) ?. (Launch new products) ?. (Repositioning) 30 ?. ?. ?. ?. ? 4. (Personal Selling) 3 ?. ? (Personal Confrontation) ?. ? (Cultivation) ?. (Response) 5. (Direct Marketing) (Direct Mail) (Telemarketing) 4 ? ?. (Nonpublic) ?. (Customized) ?. (Up-to-date) ?. (Interactive) 31 (2544) 20-29 30-39 6-10 ? (2545) , ? 32 (2545) 30-39 ? 20,000-29,999 ? ? ? (2548) ? ? ? 30-39 10,000 3 10 ? ? 33 ( ) ? ? ? ? ? 34 4 5 35 1. 2. 3. 4. 36 3 ? 1. (Primary Data) 2. Secondary Data) ? 1. ? ? 37 2. ? (Infinite population) n = N / (1+N. e2) n N e 10 % 0. 1 ? 90% 100 ? 1 2 3 38 (Pretest) ( ) 30 (Validity) (Difficulty) (Usability) ? (Reliability) 1. (Validity) ? (Content Validity) (Construct Validity) 2. Difficulty) ? 3. (Usability) 4. (Reliability) ? 39 (Reliability) (Pre-test) 30 ? Alpha _________ 1. (Non-Probability Sampling) (Convenient Sampling) ? 2. – 2552 08. 00 – 17. 00 ?. 2 100 1. (Editing) 2. (Coding) 40 3. 5 = = = = = 5 4 3 2 1 4.

Free Essays on The Digital Divide Theory

Digital Divide: Why is it an Issue? Digital divide is the perceived gap between those who have access to the latest information technologies and those who do not (Compaine 1). The idea of Digital Divide does not only consist of computers and the internet, but also regular technologies, many of which we may take for granted. One prime example would be the telephone. More than 80% of people in the world have never even heard a dial tone, let alone surfed the Web (Black, par. 2). Many in the world advocate the theory of Digital Divide, and we cannot deny that those who are not aware of today’s technology are truly in some ways disenfranchised. On the other hand those people who do not have access to these technologies do manage to continue living life, and do not require technology to do so. The fact that they do not have access to telephones, computers etc., does somewhat disable them to take advantage of the enormous opportunities that could be accessed. Many question as to why there is a divide; is it co st, inability, ignorance, or rather just a lack of interest? Today’s economically advanced countries are provided with access to the internet by means of personal home computers, libraries, schools, cafà ©s, and Rios 2 many others. These nations can provide their economies with the internet by providing them in public spaces. The LSTA (The Library Services and Technology Act) is a model federal program for funding libraries to increase the visibility and credibility of the public library as the â€Å"information place in their community (Bertot, McClure, and Ryan 3).† Because of such services anyone can access the internet for free. If there are free opportunities for the general public to utilize technological equipment, then why are there still many who don’t use it? According to Henry Louis Gates, black communities don’t find the content on the net of interest to them (Gates 500). He asserts tha... Free Essays on The Digital Divide Theory Free Essays on The Digital Divide Theory Digital Divide: Why is it an Issue? Digital divide is the perceived gap between those who have access to the latest information technologies and those who do not (Compaine 1). The idea of Digital Divide does not only consist of computers and the internet, but also regular technologies, many of which we may take for granted. One prime example would be the telephone. More than 80% of people in the world have never even heard a dial tone, let alone surfed the Web (Black, par. 2). Many in the world advocate the theory of Digital Divide, and we cannot deny that those who are not aware of today’s technology are truly in some ways disenfranchised. On the other hand those people who do not have access to these technologies do manage to continue living life, and do not require technology to do so. The fact that they do not have access to telephones, computers etc., does somewhat disable them to take advantage of the enormous opportunities that could be accessed. Many question as to why there is a divide; is it co st, inability, ignorance, or rather just a lack of interest? Today’s economically advanced countries are provided with access to the internet by means of personal home computers, libraries, schools, cafà ©s, and Rios 2 many others. These nations can provide their economies with the internet by providing them in public spaces. The LSTA (The Library Services and Technology Act) is a model federal program for funding libraries to increase the visibility and credibility of the public library as the â€Å"information place in their community (Bertot, McClure, and Ryan 3).† Because of such services anyone can access the internet for free. If there are free opportunities for the general public to utilize technological equipment, then why are there still many who don’t use it? According to Henry Louis Gates, black communities don’t find the content on the net of interest to them (Gates 500). He asserts tha...

How To Unlock Quality Content From Your Worst Posts

How To Unlock Quality Content From Your Worst Posts You had a great idea, you wrote your heart out, and it turned out to be a hugedud. How do you recoup the time and effort you put into it? Because if time is money, you don’t want to have wasted it. Bottom line, and all of that. Your worst-performing content must be something you learn from, and/or reuse. 10 Ways To Unlock Quality Content From Your Worst-Performing Posts via @JulieNeidlingerWhat are some characteristics you’ll see evident in your worst-performing content? I’m going to hazard a guess and say: Weak, vague, or inaccurate headlines Low-grade graphics Completely irrelevant to your audience Lax compliance with promotion and social media strategy Bad timing Keep that last one in mind and remember that content that performs poorly might not always be the fault of the content itself, but might be problems with promotion. Anyway, what can you learn (and do) when you have a content dud on your hands? 1. Your Research Is Never Wasted No matter how crappy your content, your research is never wasted (that is, if there was any research in it). Research is hugely time consuming, so there is absolutely no way you want to waste the information you found. Even if the first way you packaged that research tanked, use it again in a different way. Make an infographic. Rewrite the content with a different approach. Write it into a guest post for someone else. Don’t waste the time you invested in finding that information. 2. Your Approach Might Be At Fault Great ideas turn into bad ideas depending on how you approach the topic. I wrote a pretty stinky blog post a while back, bad enough that I would want to protect my mother’s eyes from ever catching a glimpse of it. It probably wasn’t a bad idea as far as the topic (lack of planning can kill your blog), but the approach was all wrong. Considering that the post talked about how to make your blog fail...maybe have the post bomb was a self-fulfilling prophecy. Whatever the case, the comments section is all crickets chirping. Have a blog post that bombed? Maybe your approach was at fault.It’s hard to separate the idea from the approach in knowing which was the reason for the failure of the content. Thing is, you won’t know if an approach won’t work until you try it. So while it’s not a shining moment of glory, I’m glad I took a swing at it anyway so I could at least know. Recommended Reading:  9 Ways To Reclaim Your Breakthrough Content Ideas From Old Posts 3. You Have A Chance To Bare All If you’re not allergic to humble pie, you can use the opportunity of a failed piece of content to ask a more experienced content marketer what they think went wrong. Whether you do this behind the scenes or do it publicly and turn it into another piece of content (â€Å"Why My Post Bombed† or â€Å"3 Experts Dissect A Bad Piece Of Content†). Hootsuite did something like this: Ouch. Heres what we learned from our WORST performing content: http://t.co/czwpTFg6hG pic.twitter.com/WiX6VOp7zk Hootsuite (@hootsuite) February 12, 2015 Confessional behind-the-scenes content is appealing to readers (as you’ll see in item #4). Wouldn’t you like to know all the dirt on how a post gets created here at , and what we do when something flops? I know I enjoy reading that type of revealing content from big name bloggers because it actually encourages me; there’s a sense that the gods came down from Olympus. Recommended Reading:  Proof That Publishing More Content Won’t Grow Your Blog Traffic (And How To Do That) 4. You Can Do A Post Mortem Speaking of content dissection, why not do it yourself? Slice and dice that content and see if you can learn something from it post mortem. What are you looking for? Redundancy. When I have nothing to say, I usually find lots of ways to say it, repeatedly. It makes for hideous content. Bad headlines. Headlines are what get people to read. Search engines might not care, but people do, and people are a huge part of your audience. They make up 100% of it. Communication barriers. I’ve written about communication barriers that we put in front of our readers. Tone, ego, language- they all play a part in turning people off from your content. Uninteresting research. Piling research into your post is only valuable if it’s actually valuable and interesting research. If you’re going to use research, you need to find a way to liven it up either by â€Å"translating† it anecdotally for your reader, or using comparison and contrast to put that research into the context you’re going for. Simple spewing out percentages in a list can be mind numbing. Too much copycat. Your headline, your post- whatever it was- is just like every other blog post being written out there. Be careful about mimicking the influencers; everyone else is, too. Nothing trumps a defiant streak of originality. You were bored writing it. No one creates boring content like a bored writer. Your readers didn’t care. It doesn’t matter if the topic was important to you. It has to be important to your reader. All your passion on a topic amounts to zilch if Melonie Dodaro did a post mortem on her seven worst blog posts, and you can get an idea of how to go about it using her example. You’ll notice that key among her findings was how a headline either had little to do with the post (and people bounced out as soon as they realized it) or was a dog from the get go. Headlines, headlines, headlines. So important. I read Dodaro’s entire blog post because I’m like most of you: I have a slight penchant for schadenfreude mixed with curiosity over the confessional approach. So that, right there, is a great way to turn blog post duds into traffic getters. 5. Your Practice Is Never Wasted Practice doesn’t make perfect, but it does make a habit. Not only did that bad content still have a role in your writing training and habit-making, it fulfills that important role of letting you experience failure so you know better what is good, what is bad, and the art of being able to pick yourself up and move on. Everything- even the failures- is a data point. Hopefully you’re tracking it. 6. It Might Be Time To Shift Your Strategy Perhaps your content wasn’t all that bad, but it performed badly because your social sharing, paid promotion, email, or other promotion methods are in need of a tune-up. Are you promoting your content at the wrong time of day or the wrong day of the week? Has your audience changed since when you first started? Are you on the wrong social network? Do you need to send out more emails? You’ll often see blog post suggesting that you review your data, your results, and ultimately your strategy periodically. If you’ve noticed a series of poorly performing content, it might be a sign you need to do that, that your strategy needs to be retooled. You've had blog posts bomb. How often do you check your data to know what really happened?7. You Didn’t Leave Enough Time Maybe you slipped a bit and weren’t doing as well as you’d hoped as far as planning your content on your editorial calendar. You didn’t give yourself enough lead time to keep up with posts, and are fast approaching the point where you’re behind the curve instead of ahead of it. What do you do in a rush? You start to lose sight of important things, such as keeping your SEO tight and your copy audience-suited. Not all poorly-performing content is the result of letting time get away from you, but it’s worth an honest look. This is one of the reasons an editorial calendar is so vital. It keeps you from falling into that dark valley of â€Å"OMG, I need a post for tomorrow!†, a valley where sloppy and shallow are most likely to emerge. Look at the poor performing content, and take a look at your editorial calendar or work schedule. How much of a rush were you in? If you had a post that bombed, how fast did you write it? You can use that idea again, here's how.If you can’t keep up with the content quality because you bumped the quantity up a few notches, bring it back down and work on focusing on a singular post a week. 8. Your SEO Has Gone Wild Being rushed sometimes means your SEO is barely given a nod. On the flip side, though, getting too narrow a focus on a keyword can also derail your content. Dodaro admits as much for one of her failed blog posts, noting that the problem with a post was a faulty headline which had an â€Å"SEO keyword crammed in at the expense of title’s integrity†. Yep. We’ve done that, too. Ever see those weird headlines that look like someone bungled the grammar, leaving out the article in the midst of a keyword phrase or seeming slightly off from how a real person talks? â€Å"How Market Research Firm Can Help You† â€Å"What Time Is The Super Bowl?† (An actual headline from the Huffington Post. Probably a huge long-tail search term, but how much content can you really create for that without seeming obnoxious?) â€Å"The Business Social Media Hacks That Work† That’s what happens when your headline is an indentured servant to keywords and SEO. It’s as if you’re playing the Cat Game from Super Troopers, packing keywords everywhere you can: Fast Company puts this well: â€Å"If you find yourself trying to fit a square-pegged keyword into a round-shaped title, just let it go. You don't want to write something that doesn't make sense or confuses the reader just for the sake of SEO.† Clunky headlines that search engines might love but people ignore don’t do you any favors on social media and in email. 9. Decide If You Need To Cull It I won’t recommend deleting content, but if you are unable to bear the thought of that awful content existing, perhaps it’s time to remove it. However, be sure to salvage what little traffic you had coming to it. Direct that low-performing post to a brand new, much better post using a 301 redirect. Or, follow the Moz blog’s suggestions for weeding out low-performing content and cleaning up your site. 10. Look For Salvage Maybe you can save it. How bad was your post? Be sure you are really identifying your site’s worst-performing content and not just the stuff you don’t like yourself. At that point, there are likely things you can still salvage if the sum of the parts happened to be less than stellar. Did you have an idea for an interview and the interview went badly? Maybe the interviewee answered in one- or two-word answers. Can you turn that interview into data or other forms (charts, percentages, or recharacterizations)? Maybe you got sloppy and cheated a bit on the headline by using the first one that came to mind instead of really working through the best options.Why not change the headline, and reset your social sharing and promotion to see if it fares better? At the very least, you can get some A/B testing data out of that between the two headlines. Take Action:  Look through your analytics and choose at least three of your worst-performing blog posts. Dissect them. Figure out why they bombed. Was it: Headline problems Copy failures Wrong topic Wrong timing Lack of proper promotion Uninterested writer Dissect your bad content and figure out why it  didn’t work. Rework them into a new piece of content, and try again, taking into account the things you did wrong the first time. Or, develop a checklist for yourself to be sure you don’t repeat the same mistakes for future content.

Bus 234 AC P1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Bus 234 AC P1 - Essay Example As the economy continues shifting from up to down, the management team of the logistic Exel ensures every department is focused on delivering customer satisfaction including international express airfreight and overland transport. Since the company relies most on deliveries, training is an important tool for the success of the company. Because information technology rapidly continues to undergo changes and is the leading source of most companies, logistic Exel company is aiming at incorporating the needs assessment that involves the process of evaluating the employees, the tasks performed by the employees and the whole organization to help in determining the necessary training if they are needed. The company should train its employees on the use of new software before introducing them to their computers to ease the work of the employee. It is also observed that the introduction of technology in the company has helped the company improve its services and expand even

Integrated Communication Marketing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Integrated Communication Marketing - Assignment Example The shareholders face a reduction in business growth, owing to the negative publicity of the company, which, reduces their profits. The management also suffers from the bad reputation as they report significant loss of business to competitors. Employees, on the other hand face the association of an immoral organization, which does not contribute positively to their self-esteem. External stakeholders include customers, the local community, as well as competitors (Strydom, 2005). The publicity of the company affects customers negatively, thus denying them an opportunity to dine at a restaurant they had previously enjoyed. The local community suffers from the immoral show that focuses on Olive Garden, which does not promote family values. Competitors enjoy the increased flow of clients to their organization as they move from Olive Garden. For casual observers of media, the â€Å"Sexiest Girls of Olive Garden† would appear as a sponsorship by the Olive Garden Company. This follows the idea that most programs search for organizations that can sponsor them, and then include their names in the event or program as a way of promoting their business to the audience. This event can be seen as one that had damage control programs in order. The overlap between the individuals who dined at the restaurant, and the people who watched the girls’ next-door show presented an effective control mechanism (Clow, & Baack, 2013). The group that dined at the restaurant consisted of more women than men. In relation to this, more women than men watched the show, thus allowing Olive Garden a perfect opportunity to gain greater publicity from the show. I disagree with this proposition as the show associated with Olive Garden was a complete opposite of the values that a family would support. Taking photos of nude people does not in any way depict the values a family should promote, hence does not attract positive publicity for the organization. If you were the public

Macroeconomic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Macroeconomic - Essay Example International business is at its zenith when almost all the economies in the globe are open. Business cycles fluctuations are common to almost all the economies in the modern world. This essay will through light on the Global Financial Crisis that had taken place in 2007-2008. The essay will discuss the impacts created by this financial crisis on different economies in the world. This part of the essay will concentrate on the growth of real Gross Domestic Product, inflation rate and unemployment rate in Australia, United States and United Kingdom. Answer 1: Figure 1: Real GDP, Unemployment, and Inflation Rates of U.S. (Source: ABS, 2013; BLS, 2012) The above graph shows the real GDP, inflation rate and unemployment rate in United States. Figure 2: Real GDP, Inflation and Unemployment of Australia (Source: DFAT, 2013; RBA, 2013) The above graph shows the real GDP, inflation rate and unemployment rate in Australia. Figure 3: Real GDP, inflation and Unemployment in United Kingdom (Sourc e: DFAT, 2013; BEA, 2012) The above graph shows the real GDP, inflation rate and unemployment rate in United Kingdom. Answer 2: The above three line graphs show that global crisis has negatively affected all the three economies in the world. It is clearly visible that due to recession in 2007 to 2008, the real GDP of all the three economies has shown a sharp fall in 2008, 2009 and 2010. The recessionary trails in the economy were responsible for the low velocity of circulation of money in the economy. With fall in purchasing powers, the aggregate demand for goods and services has been low in the three nations. Thus, although there has been an overall growth in real GDP but the global financial crisis has lead to a fall in GDP in the short run. The crisis in the economy has reduced both the income and output levels. As a result, the unemployment rates have also augmented. Economic crisis is often associated with inflationary trails in the economy. Scarcity causes price rise in almost all the goods and services. However, with time all these three developed economies are recovering from the extreme crisis. Answer 3: A nation must always formulate policies of growth in a way that helps it to use the benefits of its core competences. In the modern era almost all the countries in the world are open economies. International trade is at its peak. At this juncture it is always advisable for a nation to produce only those goods and services, over which they have competitive advantages. This would help the nation to allocate its resources in an efficient method. While making resource allocations, the state as well as the business enterprises will always find the stock of resources to be scarce, when compared to the demand in the economy. The country in Africa is a labour surplus nation, then the public as well as the private sectors should stress on labour intensive methods of production. However, that does not mean that the nation would not undertake technological inven tions. The state should adopt capital intensive techniques but not at the cost of its labour requirements. Maintaining the labour concentrated methods of production, both public and private sectors of the country would be able to generate more employment for people. A higher employment will increase both income and purchasing power of the people in the country that would ultimately help in raising the aggregate demand of the nation. Rise in aggregate demand will finally help in augmenting the GDP of the country. For economic development, technological inventions are always in race with depletion of national resources. Thus, the government of the country must adopt sustainable technological improvements to protect the rich natural reserves of the nation. As the country concerned has a free or Laissez faire economy, the government should not make unnecessary interventions in the matters of economic affairs because that would involve a fall in the net social welfare. Free forces of mar ket demand and supply should be allowed to set most of the price levels

Kettle Foods Marketing Plan

Kettle Foods Marketing Plan Potato chips as a product has been a major snack being consumed around the world but most predominantly in is consumed English speaking countries and some West African countries as well. Potato crisps were first developed in New York, Saratoga Springs in the year 1853 to be precise. It gradually became popular as time went on. The industry has faced several challenges over the years especially in the UK due to the economic difficulties (recession) faced by the country and consumers are also now aware of the health issues that arise due to excess consumption of such snacks which decreased the level sales level of such products. However, the industry still stands and is still leading among snack industries. There are various reasons and factors in industry still remained important and one of such is the health aspect. Many manufacturers and companies over the years have been trying to come up with a solution to the response of consumers to potato crisps as a snack product that contains a high level of fat and sodium which can lead to a high blood pressure or blood sugar and tooth erosion if consumed excessively. As mentioned above, one of the companies which have decided to come up with a solution to the problem that affects potato chips health-wise is Kettle. Kettle has been in the business of manufacturing potato chips naturally without the use of GMO ingredients. Our analysis as will be discussed will focus on the potato chips industry using Kettle Chips as a case study. Kettle was originally founded in 1978 in Salem by Cameron Healy. In 1987 accompanied by his son, Cameron went on a 6 week motorcycle adventure which led them to discover how much the British really liked chips. A branch was later established in the UK, Norwich (1988). Kettle foods today are one of the biggest potato chips manufacturers and have maintained their originality in taste and natural ingredients till date. The Kettle Brand potato chips was perfected in 1982 and have been improving and even expanded their line of production to include Baked Potato Chips, Kettle Brand, Tortilla Chips and Kettle Brand in order to meet varying tastes of their costumers (Kettle Foods Inc., 2009). 2.0 UK MARKET DATA British Population is the biggest snack eaters in Europe amid growing health concerns about savory treats. As a country it consumes an estimated 6 billion packets per year, that equivalent of almost 100 packets of crisps per person. Its a national obsession with crisps and nuts, which means that they spent  £55 per person on them last year, more than double the  £22.50 of nearest rival, Germany. This is projected to climb to more than  £80 in 2014. Overall, they munched through 300 tons of the snacks in 2010, worth  £2.47billion and a quarter of all sales in Europe. Report author James Manley, of leading market analyst Mintel, said: The UK is king in the European crisps and salty snacks market. Eating occasions are unlimited and snacking is rife throughout the day. Though the health credentials of crisps are questioned, it still holds 48 per cent of sales in UK. Other snacks, including tortilla chips, popcorn and pork scratching make up the remaining 52 per cent. UK Potato Crisps Snacks Market to hit  £2.61bn by 2014 Says New Report. As per past records and analysis, in 2006 the UK market value of crisps, salty snacks and nuts was around 2500 million pounds. It has been noticed that the consumption of the chips is continuously increasing that too at a constant pace. As per current data i.e. 2011, the market value is 3176 million pounds. In Fig1.1 diagram, there is a forecast given for four years that is from 2012 to 2016. As per Mintel forecast it is estimated that UK market share for 2012 will be around 3300 million pounds and further increasing to 3500 million pounds in 2013 and so on. The end of 2016 estimates the total UK market value for this to be 4183 million pounds. By taking all the provisions it can be concluded that in the best case scenario maximum UK market value can go up to 4627 and in the worst case scenario it can go down to 3853 in 2016, keeping in mind all the different confidence level. Thus, analyzing all the past data and future forecast of UK retail sale of crisps, salty snacks and nuts it can be concluded that UK market has got huge potential for the consumption of the crisps and all and this can be taken as an opportunity for the existing market players of crisps and they can all increase their own market share by adopting several strategies. Most of the market share is captured by walkers so this can be an opportunity for kettle chips to snatch walkers customers by putting all the marketing efforts or kettle can put such strategy to attract new different groups of customers. 3.0 INTERNAL ANALYSIS THE MARKETING MIX Marketing can quickly and simply be defined as the process of making a product or service available to the consumer at the right place, price, and time (James and Carlson, 1996-2012). This usually involves the careful analysis of the product or service in four different aspects known as the 4Ps (McCarthy, 1960) before proceeding. You as a marketer has to consider what the consumer wants or what their needs are, the environment or location of your business, if the price of the product or service youll be offering will be too high or too low and finally but not the least, how to promote the product or service. Now we will be taking a look at Kettle Chips and how they market their products putting the 4Ps, which are Product (Service), Place, Price and Promotion into consideration. Before we go into the full analysis, it is good to have in mind the aim and objective of the companys (Kettle Chips) product which is to provide for the consumer the best healthy, nutritious and tasty potato chips for them to enjoy and now we will see how they have managed to achieve this so far. Marketing Mix An effective marketing mix has to match consumer need, corporate resources and to create a competitive advantage. A market-oriented firm always keeps an eye on its environment. The environment is divided into the microenvironment and macro environment. In microenvironment, the key actors are suppliers, management of the company i.e. the company itself, customers and competitors. Micro environment are internal to the organization and the organization has sufficient controls over it. Macro environment consists of economic, social, legal, physical and technology forces. Macro-environments are usually out of the companys control. (Jobber and Fahy, 2003) Four Ps of marketing mix: 3.1 Product This part of marketing mix mainly focuses on what exactly consumer wants. Under product, we have to consider what the consumer needs are and what exactly consumers wants. For developing marketing mix of Kettle Chips we need to consider the part of the market being targeted by Kettle. Kettle Brand targets health conscious customers, which imply that their product has to be health inclined in order to appeal to the consumers and also to satisfy its customers. Secondly, Kettle, since 1978 produce their chips using only natural ingredients (Non-GMO products) in order to give their consumers extra reassurance of steps they take to ensure ingredients with integrity (Kettle Foods Inc., 2009). Findings from research, (Mintel, 2009) provides us with information showing an improvement in the sale of crisps due to the fact that they are more healthy in terms of calories and fat than they were before. The Non-GMO project stated Kettle Brand Chips as the first potato chips being produced without the use of GMOs in 2009. Their chips are gluten free and they use expeller pressed oil for their products in order to give their consumers a safe product to enjoy. Kettle Chips arent just bent on the health aspect of their products and ignoring how tasty their chips should be. They offer different seasonings of potato chips such as Sweet Onion, Tortilla Chips, Lightly Salted Sea Salt and Vinegar, Spicy Thai, Unsalted, Jalapeno, Red Chili etc. All of these are produced naturally to meet different tastes of consumers. Product Life Cycle This is simply a principle that suggests that every product has different stages that it must pass through before it is eventually pushed from the market. Introduction: This is when the product is first introduced into the market and as a result of that, a large number of the consumer market are unaware of the product so its profits are low at this stage. Normally in this stage the company or manufacturer will try to cover its high cost of production, which will result in the product becoming less affordable for the average consumer.(Vernon, 1966) According to product life cycle theory, the Kettle Chips products in this section are Jalapeno chili, Mexican Potato Bake, New Kettle Ridge Chips, Sour Cream, Corn, Tomato, Avocado and lime dip, Peach and Coriander Salsa. (Kettle Foods Ltd., 2012) Growth: This is the stage that usually determines if the product will survive or not. The producers at this stage will try to bring down the cost of the product as to make it more affordable for the average consumer by coming up with ways to cut down the costs of production and present better offers. In addition to this, the company will have to make use of a strong approach in advertisement and promotion strategies in order to catch the attention and interests of their customers.(Vernon, 1966) Under this section, Kettle Chips have products such as Mature Cheddar Multipacks, Ridge Chips, Tortilla Chip. (Kettle foods Ltd., 2012) Maturity: The third stage is only attained assuming the product has survived the previous stage (Growth Stage). At this stage, the price must have fallen to a more affordable level for more customers to purchase due to standardized production. Here, production and technology may also be exported to underdeveloped and developing countries where production costs will be lower and developed countries can focus on innovation to make the product better.(Vernon, 1966) Examples of kettle chips products that are currently in this stage are Sea Salt and Balsamic Vinegar and Lightly Salted. These are among the most demanded Kettle Chips seasonings.(Kettle Foods Ltd.,2012) Decline: This is the last stage. The product begins to fade out of the market, demand, and production and of course, profits begin to crash as well due to new technologies and new products coming up. It usually still survives for a while in the underdeveloped and developing countries but is eventually completely pushed out over time. (Vernon, 1966) The Boston Consulting Group Theory (BCG) Bruce Henderson founded this in the early 1970s. Initially, it was designed as tool to be used for financial management but was then put to better use in marketing. Boston Matrix considers products in two dimensions: relative market share and market growth rate. (Cranfield School of Management, 2000) Boston Matrix categorizes products in four boxes, which are Star, Cash Cow, Problem Child/ Question Mark, and Dog. Star: Building market shares as sales improve. Products here are cash neutral. They generate cash as volume and revenue builds rapidly, but they usually require special attention in funding because they are new products. Usually, aggressive marketing is required for such products. Cash Cow: The products in this box have high a high market share but low market growth, which implies that they are mature products. These generate cash that is needed to support other aspects of the business. Problem Child/ Question Mark: These are products that do not hold a dominant market share but are high in market growth. These are often newly introduced products that have a high tendency of failing in the market. They usually require large amounts of cash to fund their development. Dog: These are products that were once on top but have declined and now generating low cash flow and in some cases, even become liabilities to the business. Henderson advises that such products should be discarded. (Cranfield School of Management, 2000) In the following diagram some of the Kettle Chips products are categorized according to the Boston Consulting Group Theory. BCG MATRIX Fig. 1.2 3.2 Place When considering place, one have to consider the location of the business, how accessible it will be to the customers and probably the distribution channel or channels that will be used. Kettle Chips products are found almost everywhere around the world but predominantly in European and West African countries. The Kettle Foods office in UK supports a network of independent distributors which make their products available in the Middle East and European countries outside UK such as Denmark, Belgium, Greece, Austria, France, Germany, Finland, Ireland, Ice land, Spain, Switzerland, Norway, Singapore, Sweden, Italy, Malaysia, Malta and Luxembourg (Kettle Foods LTD, 2012). Distribution Channel Kettle chips are found in various supermarkets and retail shops around the world making it easy for their consumers to access their products. There are various distribution channels that can be used by any business that produces consumer goods such as: ProducerÆ’Â  Consumer ProducerÆ’Â  RetailerÆ’Â  Consumer ProducerÆ’Â  WholesalerÆ’Â  RetailerÆ’Â  Consumer ProducerÆ’Â  AgentÆ’Â  WholesalerÆ’Â  RetailerÆ’Â  Consumer Source: Figure 9.8. Introduction to marketing theory and practice (Palmer 2004:357) Kettle Chips use wholesalers as well as retailers but do not use agents in their distribution channel. They sell directly to their wholesalers. Their distribution channel would appear like this for example: Kettle ChipsÆ’Â  TescoÆ’Â  Off-license shopsÆ’Â  Consumers (Kettle Foods Ltd., 2012) 3.3 Price Under price, there must be consideration of if the price of your product or service will be too high for your consumers or too low for the company to turn in profits. Kettle as a company usually build their facilities upon locations with good vegetation and natural resources that supports their business such as the Green building mentioned above under place and their facility in Salem, Oregon which is located adjacent to a nearly 2-acre wetland (Kettle Foods LTD, 2012) . These in turn enables them to avoid extra expenses that would have been spent on purchasing some raw materials and gives them the ability to keep a low cost on their products while making sufficient profit to grow the business. Kettle Chips products are not the cheapest and can still put up more effort in bringing their prices to a lower level. A minimum level of price should be maintained with a good quality in production because the lower the price, the higher the demand. This will give an organization an edge over its competitors that offer a higher price for the same quality or even lesser quality. (Kettle Foods LTD, 2012) Kettle Chips Pricing Strategy Kettle Chips came into the market in 1978 to be specific and at this period, they were not many companies manufacturing chips, especially in the UK and so, they decided to penetrate the market with their naturally made potato chips and were selling them at a high price. Kettle Chips had very little competition at this period so they were able to sell their products to high income earning consumers at high prices while having a low promotion. In other words, they used the Slow Penetration strategy to penetrate the market. This was possible for them because their kettle style cooking was unique at this period. Presently, Kettle Chips have a strong brand, so they maintain a Slow Skimming strategy because they have a strong brand. Being already established, they are relaxed about promotion and that is one of the reasons why more recent companies such as Walkers have a higher market share. Consumers are more aware of companies that spend a lot on promotion. 3.4 Promotion Kettle advertises their products through the use of e advertising (internet), Television and radio broadcasts, and public relations such as their community giving. Kettle makes donations of money, product and time to local organizations. They donate chips for fundraising events at local schools and give more than 175,000 pounds of potatoes to local hunger relief agencies every year. They also give out their brand products to organizations and schools. Kettle Chips successfully created a significant uplift in sales from existing, lapsed and new purchasers through a brand campaign in newspapers. They are now looking more confident than ever, their market share has increased as a result of this (Kettle Chips: The Story, 2012). The result of the campaign is as follows: Newspapers immediately boost sales by over 20% During the newspaper campaign, Kettle Chips sales of featured products were 20.5% higher among people in the public who saw the adverts, compared with a matched unexposed sample and maintained sales impact In the 12 weeks post campaign, newspaper advertising continued to increase the sales by 19.5% (Kettle Chips: The Story, 2012). Newspapers engage all types of buyers KETTLE Chips advertising successfully increased penetration and frequency of purchase as well as reengaging lapsed users. (Kettle Chips: The Story, 2012) Newspapers are brilliant for making big bold brand statements Kettle Chips simple but confident campaign captured readers attention and increased their emotional brand involvement. This was very beneficial in the sense that it gave their customers a sense of affiliation with the product and of cause; this encourages loyalty to the brand as well. (Kettle Chips: The Story, 2012) 4.0 EXTERNAL ANALYSIS Fig 1.3 The Marketing Environment. Source: Jobber, D and Fahy, J. (2003), New York: Mc Graw Hill Education UK LTD Micro Economics Introduction: Creating customer value and satisfaction is the main key to build relationships with customers. It is not a one man task.so there are many actors playing role to build micro environment. Marketing success requires building relationships with other company departments such as competitors, suppliers, customers, various publics and marketing intermediaries .All these are combined to process effective delivery network. Components of micro environment 4.1 Competitors Marketing concept is based on believing better customer value and satisfaction than its competitors. Thus the company should adopt itself to the needs of consumers.one of the important aspects of gaining strategic advantage is by positioning their offerings strongly against competitors offering in the minds of customers. All companies have their different marketing strategy based on their size and industry positioning. In the context of kettle chips, the three most powerful competitors for kettle chips are Walkers (PepsiCo), Pringles (PG), and McCoys (UB). The following table describes the leading brands value shares in crisps and salty snacks from 2009 to 2011. From the table it is clearly visible that Kettle Chips stands in the 5th position in the market of crisps and salty snacks. Fig 1.4 4.2 Customers Customers are the most important element in the companys microenvironment. The main aim of the entire delivery system is to serve customers and build strong relationship. There are five type of customer market and the company may target any or all of them. To start with the customer market, first type is consumer market, which consists of individual and households that buys product for personal consumption. Business market consists of buying the goods for further processing or in the production process whereas reseller market buys goods for the purpose to sell them at profit. Government markets consist of government agencies that buy goods for public service or to transfer them to others who need them. International market is made up of buyers in other countries who may be consumers, producers, resellers or government. Kettle chips has established itself as a premium brand for chips and thus these chips are mainly for a specific targeted customers whose income level are little high than others because as compared to walkers kettle chips are slightly costlier and kettle chips believes in delivering good quality crisps and consumers who are really health conscious go for kettle chips. Consumption of crisps, salty snacks and nuts in the last six months, by type, by demographics, November 2011 Fig 1.5* small sub-sample (75-100) SOURCE: Toluna/Mintel 4.3 Suppliers Suppliers are important link in the companys overall delivery system. They are the source of resources needed by the company to produce its goods and services. Supply shortage can cost sales in the short run but it can hamper customer satisfaction in the long run. Most marketers today treat suppliers as their partners for generating customer value. The people who make Kettle Chips have always believed that the simple approach to good food is best. So the highest quality potatoes are sourced locally, and no artificial colours, flavours, preservatives or MSG are added to the process. Only the best potatoes are used to give the distinctive golden colour, crunch and flavour of a Kettle chip. Kettle Chips source 75% of the brands potatoes from its home county of Norfolk, and 90% from East Anglia. Kettle Chips are made in the Kettle Foods Ltd factory in Norwich, where the company has been ever since it was first launched in the UK. Nelson County Potatoes is a bespoke growers group to Kettle Foods Ltd- makers of the famous hand-cooked KETTLE ® Chips, a premium quality product made using the finest potatoes. Its Norfolk-based growers produces more than 65000 tonnes of potatoes each year, a large proportion of which go in to kettle chips at the kettle foods limited base in Norwich. From this part about 100 million bags of kettle chips are produced each year and distributed across the country to all the major supermarkets and other food store. 4.4 The company For designing the marketing plans, the company has to interrelate and coordinate with all the departments within the company like top management, finance, research and development purchase, operations and accounting. The duty of the top management is to set the companys mission, objective, strategies and plans. Marketing managers work closely with other departments. Kettle chips takes pride of being a well-known and growing business with its roots based in the local community.it has got wide diversity of people from all backgrounds, working hand by hand to one common goal of making better chips. The company provides great working conditions and friendly management and this helps company retain the employees. Currently the managing director of kettle Foods at Diamond Foods, Inc. is Dominic Lowe, the Cadbury man who became Green Blacks managing director last year, moving from a  £1bn-a-year business to a  £40m-a-year one, believes the public is more concerned about the deeds of an ethical company than its ownership Macro-Environment: Introduction The macro environment comprises of forces that do not immediately affect the business but it may have effect in the long run, as time goes on. As these environmental changes take place, macro-environment affects the micro relationships of the business as well. The micro environment is complex and interdependent. (Palmer, 2004) Components of macro environment 4.5 Political/Legal factors In UK, food products including the Snacks are heavily influenced and controlled by legislation relating to composition and labeling requirements, such that consumers can be confident of the wholesomeness and value for money that they represent (Van Horn, 2002). On a world perspective, the availability of safe food is an increasing problem in fast-growing urban populations. Meeting this need by the provision of new food product is a major opportunity for UK as these markets develop. These refer to government polices such as the degree of intervention in the economy. What goods and services does a government provides, To what extent does it subsidized firms, What are its priorities in terms of health of the people, Political decisions can impact on many vital areas for business such as the education of the workforce, the health of the nation and the quality of the infrastructure of the economy such as the road and rail system. In developed economies, government intervention is inevitable in order to uphold the consumers trust and faith in the governments systems. Over the years, consumers lifestyles have become eclectic and the culture of ready meals and snacks has become popular. This has lead to several lifestyle diseases. Children studying in primary and secondary schools are the largest buyers of sweet and savory snacks. It has been observed that such snacks formed an integral part of their lunch boxes. Due to the adverse affects of snack food on childrens health, the government, through its Better Regulation Commission, has proposed certain standards for school food. The standards restrict the sale of confectionery, savory snacks except nuts and seeds, and deep fried snacks like crisps and burgers. (Better Regulation Commission, 2007). The government in the United Kingdom has become proactive in promoting healthy eating and balanced diet patterns to the citizens. The government, along with various other organizations like the NHS, initiated several awareness campaigns to tackle the growing problem of obesity. The campaigns promote the reduction of fat, salt and sugar the consumers daily diet. This move by the government can lead to a projected decline of 4.1% in the sweet snacks market and 3.4% in the savory snacks market over a period of five years (Just Food, 2009). 4.6 Economic factors These include interest rates, taxation changes, economic growth, inflation and exchange rates. Change in these factors can lead to a major impact on a firms behavior. Like Higher interest rates because it costs more to borrow. A strong currency may make exporting more difficult because it may raise the price in foreign currency. Inflation may provoke higher wage demands from employees and raise costs. Higher GDP growth may boost demand for a firms products. The market value of Snacks companies in the UK represents a further contribution to wealth, both in the holdings by private shareholders and in those held by institutions. The balance of trade arising from Kettle products is positive because the major materials are already found and created in UK plants. Also, the nature of the product cost structures is not ruling out significant inter-country shipment of such low price-dense, high bulk packs. The United Kingdom was faced with two unfortunate economic crises in the second half of 2007. The tumult in the financial markets along with steep increase in the fuel and food prices severely affected the business and commerce, as well as consumer confidence. The consumers have become relatively conservative in their approach to spending on consumer goods. The sweet and savory market has however shown a steady growth in sales. This reason could be attributed to the nature of these products. Snacks are particularly seen as indulgent and impulsive products with a low unit price. Snacks are also low involvement products unlike other consumer goods. In the United Kingdom, the market for crisps and snacks grew by 5% since 2007. This is mainly because the snacks companies have responded well to the consumers needs in this fragile economic environment. (Mintel, 2009) In spite of positive growth signs, the manufacturers still have to struggle due to the existing credit crunch, coupled with the rising costs of wheat, flour, maize and potatoes, and instability in crude oil prices. All these factors put a strain on the manufacturers profit margins. (Research and Markets, 2008) 4.7 Social factors / Cultural Changes in social trends can impact on the demand for a firms products and the availability and willingness of individuals to work. In the UK, for example, the population has been ageing. This has increased the costs for firms who are committed to pension payments for their employees because their staff is living longer. It also means some firms such as Asda have started to recruit older employees to tap into this growing labor pool. The ageing population also has impact on demand: for example, demand for sheltered accommodation and medicines have increased whereas demand for toys is falling. There is now a wealth of evidence to show that consuming a high salt diet brings with it increasing health problems. High salt intake is linked to increasing blood pressure, which causes strokes and heart disease, with other less well-known effects including stomach cancer and osteoporosis. Basically, these issues are advantage for Walkers since majority of their products are potatoes. Potatoes are low calorie and excellent for people that are health conscious. The sale of sweet and savory snacks thrives on consumption patterns of younger consumers aged between 15-34 years. Due to persistent efforts by the government to encourage consumers to adopt healthier lifestyles and eating habits, the demographics of main consumers of snacks has changed. Fewer children are attracted to crisps and snack. The Government regulations as mentioned above have also been a cause in making crisps and other sweet and savory snacks unpopular among children. 4.8 Technological factors Technology can reduce costs, improve quality and lead to innovation. These developments can benefit consumers as well as the organizations providing the products. Online shopping, bar coding and computer aided design are all improvements to the way we do business as a result of better technology. In the process of building this successful brand Kettle Chips, the business found that it had developed a reporting problem in lower management. The company system consisted of 70 to 80 spreadsheets, which were constantly being updated and sent back and forth between departments. The reporting process took at least eight weeks, and if any modifications needed to be made, it took a minimum of two days. Employees also had difficulty creating their own reports, and would have to rely on an IT software developer to do the job for them. This ended up taking most of the developers time, which would otherwise have been spent on other pressing IT needs. After a long search for a solution, Kettle Foods Ltd chose IBM Cognos Express, along with Logicalis UK as their IBM Business Partner. Kettle chips selected IBM Cognos Express because it combines the planning and modeling strengths of IBM Cognos TM1 and the reporting strengths of IBM Cognos Business Intelligence in a value-for-money offering; providing a complete planning, reporting and scenario-modeling toolset. 4.9 Environmental factors Environmental factors include the weather and climate change. Changes in temperature can impact on many industries including farming, production cost and Product life. With major climate changes occurring due to global warming and with greater environmental awareness this external factor is becoming a significant issue for firms to consider. The gener